This day in history: 3 march

1924: The abolition of the Islamic Caliphate in Turkey marked the final end of the Ottoman Empire, leading to the establishment of a modern, secular Turkey under Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.
1938: The Mallard, the world’s fastest steam locomotive, was built in England. It could reach speeds exceeding 100 miles per hour (160 km/h).
1943: During World War II, a tragic panic at London’s Bethnal Green underground station caused the deaths of 172 people during an air raid alert. This remains one of the worst civilian disasters in the UK during the war.
1974: A Turkish Airlines DC-10 crashed near Paris, France, killing all 345 people on board. This remains one of the deadliest aviation disasters in history.
2022: The Russian invasion of Ukraine continued with significant events such as airstrikes on Chernihiv and battles in Kharkiv and Kherson. Over one million Ukrainians had fled the country by this date.

1790: The first U.S. census was authorized by Congress, marking the beginning of systematic population data collection in the United States.
1845: Florida officially became the 27th state to join the Union after struggles involving Native Americans, English, and Spanish settlers.
1913: A women’s suffrage march in Washington, D.C., was attacked by onlookers while police stood by. This event highlighted the challenges faced by suffragists advocating for voting rights.
1931: The United States officially adopted “The Star-Spangled Banner” as its national anthem.
1961: President John F. Kennedy established the first federal commission advocating equal pay for equal work between men and women, marking a significant step for wage equality.
1991: The Rodney King beating by Los Angeles police officers was captured on video, sparking national debates about police brutality and racial injustice.

1105: Fujiwara no Kiyohira constructed the Chūsonji Temple in Japan, marking a significant cultural achievement during the Heian period.
1575: Mughal Emperor Akbar defeated the Bengali army at the Battle of Tukaroi, consolidating Mughal control over Bengal and Bihar.
1933: A tsunami caused by the Sanriku Earthquake struck northern Honshū, Japan, killing 3,535 people.
1942: During World War II, ten Japanese warplanes raided Broome, Western Australia, killing over 100 people.
1919: The March First Movement protests against Japanese colonial rule spread to Yesan and South Chungcheong Province in Korea. This movement was pivotal in the Korean independence struggle.

1896: The Battle of Adwa occurred on March 1, but its significance resonates on this date. Ethiopian forces, led by Emperor Menelik II, decisively defeated the Italian army, preserving Ethiopia’s independence during the height of European colonization. This victory became a symbol of African resistance against colonialism and inspired movements for independence across the continent.
1821: Thomas L. Jennings, an African-American inventor, patented the “dry scouring” method, becoming the first Black patent holder in the United States. This achievement is often celebrated as part of African contributions to global innovation.